test_volume_client: rewrite test_put_object_versioned

test_volume_client: rewrite test_put_object_versioned

The test's success depends on whether CommandFailedError exception is
raised. This manner of testing is unreliable since there's no way to
check if the exception was raised by the statement (in the embedded
Python program) the test expects to.

This implies that this test's failure may go undetected. This is primary
reason why bugs like tracker #38946 occured despite of having a test.

Fixes: http://tracker.ceph.com/issues/39510
Signed-off-by: Rishabh Dave <ridave@redhat.com>