cephadm: refactor the infer_local_ceph_image function

cephadm: refactor the infer_local_ceph_image function

Refactor the infer_local_ceph_image function to use the low level
daemons_matching function and avoid ever looping over the list of
running daemons multiple times. Clean up the logic in
infer_local_ceph_image such that it better matches the behavior
in the original doc string as well as cleaning up said doc string.

Fixes: https://tracker.ceph.com/issues/69278
Signed-off-by: John Mulligan <jmulligan@redhat.com>