mon/Elector.cc: Compress peer >= rank_size sanity check into send_peer_ping

mon/Elector.cc: Compress peer >= rank_size sanity check into send_peer_ping

Problem:

Currently, https://github.com/ceph/ceph/pull/44993
failed to completely fix:

https://tracker.ceph.com/issues/50089

There are certain code paths such as

Elector::handle_ping → Elector::begin_peer_ping →
Elector::send_peer_ping.

that when a monitor is removed before shutdown in
Cephadm it can hit the assert failure.

Solution:

Therefore, we have to enforce sanity checks on
all code paths.

We do this by compressing the `peer >= rank_size`
sanity check into `send_peer_ping`. We also make
`send_peer_ping` return true/false

caller of `send_peer_ping` would drop itself if
recieves a `false`.

Fixes: https://tracker.ceph.com/issues/58155
Signed-off-by: Kamoltat <ksirivad@redhat.com>