ceph-disk: increase partprobe / udevadm settle timeouts

ceph-disk: increase partprobe / udevadm settle timeouts

The default of 120 seconds may be exceeded when the disk is very slow
which can happen in cloud environments. Increase it to 600 seconds
instead.

The partprobe command may fail for the same reason but it does not have
a timeout parameter. Instead, try a few times before failing.

The udevadm settle guarding partprobe are not necessary because
partprobe already does the same. However, partprobe does not provide a
way to control the timeout. Having a udevadm settle after another is
going to be a noop most of the time and not add any delay. It matters
when the udevadm settle run by partprobe fails with a timeout because
partprobe will silentely ignores the failure.

Signed-off-by: Loic Dachary <loic@dachary.org>
(cherry picked from commit 730b5d62d3cda7de4076bafa6e9e35f1eb8e2190)