osd: Multiple Decode fixes.

osd: Multiple Decode fixes.

Fix 1:

These are multiple fixes that affected the same code. To simplify review
and understanding of the changes, they have been merged into a single
commit.

What happened in defect is (k,m = 6,4)

1. State is: fast_reads = true, shards 0,4,5,6,7,8 are available. Shard 1 is missing this object.
2. Shard 5 only needs zeros, so read is dropped. Other sub read message sent.
3. Object on shard 1 completes recovery (so becomes not-missing)
4. Read completes, complete notices that it only has 5 reads, so calculates what it needs to re-read.
5. Calculates it needs 0,1,4,5,6,7 - and so wants to read shard 1.
6. Code assumes that enough reads should have been performed, so refused to do another reads and instead generates an EIO.

The problem here is some "lazy" code in step (4).  What is should be doing is working out that it
can use the zero buffers and not calling get_remaining_reads().  Instead, what it attempts to do is
call get_remaining_reads() and if there is no work to do, then it assumes it has everything
already and completes the read with success.  This assumption mostly works - but in this
combination of fast_reads picking less than k shards to read from AND an object completing
recovery in parallel causes issue.

The solution is to wait for all reads to complete and then assume that any remaining zero buffers
count as completed reads.  This should then cause the plugin to declare "success"

Fix 2:

There are decodes in new EC which can occur when less than k
shards have been read.  These reads in the last stripe, where
for decoding purposes, the data past the end of the shard can
be considered zeros. EC does not read these, but instead relies
on the decode function inventing the zero buffers.

This was working correctly when fast reads were turned off, but
if such an IO was encountered with fast reads turned on the
logic was disabled and the IO returns an EIO.

This commit fixes that logic, so that if all reads have complete
and send_all_remaining_reads conveys that no new reads were
requested, then decode will still be possible.

FIX 3:

If reading the end of an object with unequally sized objects,
we pad out the end of the decode with zeros, to provide
the correct data to the plugin.

Previously, the code decided not to add the zeros to "needed"
shards.  This caused a problem where for some parity-only
decodes, an incomplete set of zeros was generated, fooling the
_decode function into thinking that the entire shard was zeros.

In the fix, we need to cope with the case where the only data
needed from the shard is the padding itself.

The comments around the new code describe the logic behind
the change.

This makes the encode-specific use case of padding out the
to-be-decoded shards unnecessary, as this is performed by the
pad_on_shards function below.

Also fixing some logic in calculating the need_set being passed
to the decode function did not contain the extra shards needed
for the decode. This need_set is actually ignored by all the
plugins as far as I know, but being wrong does not seem
helpful if its needed in the future.

Fix 4: Extend reads when recovering parity

Here is an example use case which was going wrong:
1. Start with 3+2 EC, shards 0,3,4 are 8k shard 1,2 is 4k
2. Perform a recovery, where we recover 2 and 4.  2 is missing, 4 can be copied from another OSD.
3. Recovery works out that it can do the whole recovery with shards 0,1,3. (note not 4)
4. So the "need" set is 0,1,3, the "want" set is 2,4 and the "have" set is 0,1,3,4,5
5. The logic in get_all_avail_shards then tries to work out the extents it needs - it only. looks at 2, because we "have" 4
6. Result is that we end up reading 4k on 0,1,3, then attempt to recover 8k on shard 4 from this... which clearly does not work.

Fix 5: Round up padding to 4k alignment in EC

The pad_on_shards was not aligning to 4k.  However, the decode/encode functions were. This meant that
we assigned a new buffer, then added another after - this should be faster.

Fix 6: Do not invent encode buffers before doing decode.

In this bug, during recovery, we could potentially be creating
unwanted encode buffers and using them to decode data buffers.

This fix simply removes the bad code, as there is new code above
which is already doing the correct action.

Fix 7: Fix miscompare with missing decodes.

In this case, two OSDs failed at once. One was replaced and the other was not.

This caused us to attempt to encode a missing shard while another shard was missing, which
caused a miscompare because the recovery failed to do the decode properly before doing an encode.

Signed-off-by: Alex Ainscow <aainscow@uk.ibm.com>
(cherry picked from commit c116b8615d68a3926dc78a4965cc0a28ff85d4f2)