mds: catch duplicates in DamageTable

mds: catch duplicates in DamageTable

There was an implicit assumption in the code that callers
wouldn't hit the notify_*damaged paths twice because they would
have checked is_*_damaged paths first.

However, that's not really true in all cases, e.g. scrub
code isn't required to respect existing damage entries
when trying to load a CDir.

Simply fix this by having the DamageTable notify* functions
check the key they're inserting doesn't already exist.

Fixes: http://tracker.ceph.com/issues/17173
Signed-off-by: John Spray <john.spray@redhat.com>
(cherry picked from commit c9cfaef104e9aaefad55583d7e54f8b4665904b3)