cmake: add 1.82 and 1.83 to known versions

cmake: add 1.82 and 1.83 to known versions

this change should silence the warning when building Ceph with Boost 1.82:
```
CMake Warning at cmake/modules/FindBoost.cmake:1384 (message):
  New Boost version may have incorrect or missing dependencies and imported
  targets
Call Stack (most recent call first):
  cmake/modules/FindBoost.cmake:1507 (_Boost_COMPONENT_DEPENDENCIES)
  cmake/modules/FindBoost.cmake:2125 (_Boost_MISSING_DEPENDENCIES)
  CMakeLists.txt:687 (find_package)
```

despite that 244c5ebb added boost to `_Boost_KNOWN_VERSIONS`, it was
not enough. would be better to sync up the CMake upstream for an updated
version of this file like we did before.

in this change

* syncs this file with
  https://github.com/Kitware/CMake/blob/897a149067b84375d094700632255c0b54f5e44c/Modules/FindBoost.cmak
* re-apply the change of 06824bc1ecbe68b6809c1f47f0f5d636842746b5

Signed-off-by: Kefu Chai <tchaikov@gmail.com>
cmake: adapt FindBoost.cmake to our needs

the vanilla FindBoost.cmake pulled from cmake has couple assumptions
which do not hold in our environment. so address them case by case.

Signed-off-by: Kefu Chai <tchaikov@gmail.com>