common/dout: fix FTBFS on GCC 14

The following problem has been reported by Kaleb Keithley:

```
/builddir/build/BUILD/ceph-18.2.1/src/osd/osd_types.h: In lambda function:
/builddir/build/BUILD/ceph-18.2.1/src/common/dout.h:184:73: error: call to non-‘constexpr’ function ‘virtual unsigned int DoutPrefixProvider::get_subsys() const’
  184 |     dout_impl(pdpp->get_cct(), ceph::dout::need_dynamic(pdpp->get_subsys()), v) \
      |                                                         ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^~
/builddir/build/BUILD/ceph-18.2.1/src/common/dout.h:155:58: note: in definition of macro ‘dout_impl’
  155 |       return (cctX->_conf->subsys.template should_gather<sub, v>());    \
      |                                                          ^~~
/builddir/build/BUILD/ceph-18.2.1/src/osd/osd_types.h:3617:3: note: in expansion of macro ‘ldpp_dout’
 3617 |   ldpp_dout(dpp, 10) << "build_prior all_probe " << all_probe << dendl;
      |   ^~~~~~~~~
```

For details of the problem and the idea behind the fix,
please refer to the comment this commit brings to `dout.h`.

The minimized replicator that the facilitated Goldbot-based
investigation:

```cpp
namespace ceph::dout {

template<typename T>
struct dynamic_marker_t {
  T value;
  // constexpr ctor isn't needed as it's an aggregate type
  constexpr operator T() const { return value; }
};

template<typename T>
constexpr dynamic_marker_t<T> need_dynamic(T&& t) {
  return dynamic_marker_t<T>{ std::forward<T>(t) };
}

template<typename T>
struct is_dynamic : public std::false_type {};

template<typename T>
struct is_dynamic<dynamic_marker_t<T>> : public std::true_type {};

} // ceph::dout

struct subsys_t {
  template <unsigned SubV, int LvlV>
  bool should_gather() const {
    return true;
  }
  bool should_gather(const unsigned sub, int level) const {
    return false;
  }
};

static subsys_t subsys;

  do {                                                                  \
  const bool should_gather = [&](const auto cctX) {                     \
    if constexpr (ceph::dout::is_dynamic<decltype(sub)>::value ||       \
                  ceph::dout::is_dynamic<decltype(v)>::value) {         \
      std::cout << "the dynamic path" << std::endl;                     \
      return subsys.should_gather(sub, v);                              \
    } else {                                                            \
      /* The parentheses are **essential** because commas in angle      \
       * brackets are NOT ignored on macro expansion! A language's      \
       * limitation, sorry. */                                          \
      std::cout << "the static path" << std::endl;                      \
      /*return subsys.should_gather(sub, v);*/                              \
      return (subsys.template should_gather<sub, v>());             \
    }                                                                   \
  }(cct);                                                               \
  } while (0)

  if (decltype(auto) pdpp = (dpp); pdpp) /* workaround -Wnonnull-compare for 'this' */ \
    dout_impl(42, sub, v)

  if (decltype(auto) pdpp = (dpp); pdpp) /* workaround -Wnonnull-compare for 'this' */ \
    dout_impl(42, ceph::dout::need_dynamic(42), v)

int main() {
    std::random_device dev;
    std::mt19937 rng(dev());
    std::uniform_int_distribution<std::mt19937::result_type> dist6(1,6); // distribution in range [1, 6]

    int sub = dist6(rng);
    ldpp_dout("mocked out", sub);
    //ldpp_subdout("mocked out", 4, 3);
}
```

Fixes: https://tracker.ceph.com/issues/64050
Signed-off-by: Radoslaw Zarzynski <rzarzyns@redhat.com>
(cherry picked from commit 0eace4ea9ea42412d4d6a16d24a8660642e41173)

diff --git a/src/common/dout.h b/src/common/dout.h
index a1375fbb91026877578cd5ebaebe5993b07f9104..8caba1abe3eef9fa903063ca9a6b8c2cdfe6bb14 100644 (file)
--- a/src/common/dout.h
+++ b/src/common/dout.h
@@ -146,17 +146,27 @@ struct is_dynamic<dynamic_marker_t<T>> : public std::true_type {};
 #else
 #define dout_impl(cct, sub, v)                                         \
   do {                                                                 \
-  const bool should_gather = [&](const auto cctX) {                    \
-    if constexpr (ceph::dout::is_dynamic<decltype(sub)>::value ||      \
-                 ceph::dout::is_dynamic<decltype(v)>::value) {         \
+  const bool should_gather = [&](const auto cctX, auto sub_, auto v_) {        \
+    /* The check is performed on `sub_` and `v_` to leverage the C++'s         \
+     * guarantee on _discarding_ one of blocks of `if constexpr`, which        \
+     * includes also the checks for ill-formed code (`should_gather<>` \
+     * must not be feed with non-const expresions), BUT ONLY within    \
+     * a template (thus the generic lambda) and under the restriction  \
+     * it's dependant on a parameter of this template).                        \
+     * GCC prior to v14 was not enforcing these restrictions. */       \
+    if constexpr (ceph::dout::is_dynamic<decltype(sub_)>::value ||     \
+                 ceph::dout::is_dynamic<decltype(v_)>::value) {        \
       return cctX->_conf->subsys.should_gather(sub, v);                        \
     } else {                                                           \
+      constexpr auto sub_helper = static_cast<decltype(sub_)>(sub);    \
+      constexpr auto v_helper = static_cast<decltype(v_)>(v);          \
       /* The parentheses are **essential** because commas in angle     \
        * brackets are NOT ignored on macro expansion! A language's     \
        * limitation, sorry. */                                         \
-      return (cctX->_conf->subsys.template should_gather<sub, v>());   \
+      return (cctX->_conf->subsys.template should_gather<sub_helper,   \
+                                                        v_helper>());  \
     }                                                                  \
-  }(cct);                                                              \
+  }(cct, sub, v);                                                      \
                                                                        \
   if (should_gather) {                                                 \
     ceph::logging::MutableEntry _dout_e(v, sub);                        \